Physiology Lab report Sample

Physiology Lab report Paper The purpose of this lab was to observe passive transport of molecules through diffusion and osmosis. We had to keep close observation on two dialysis bags and explain how we measured the change in weight as diffusion and osmosis occurred throughout the experiment. Cells produce an energy called Kinetic Energy. This causes molecules of the cell to move around and bump into each other. Diffusion is one result of this molecular movement. Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration (Martini Nathan, 89). Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion where water moves through a selectively permeable membrane (a membrane that only allows certain molecules to diffuse though) (Martini Nathan 90). Diffusion or osmosis takes place until a balance has been reached. This is the point where the concentrations in both areas are equal and no net movement will occur from one area to another. C] Hypothesis: C] During the experiment, we will prove that diffusion and osmosis occur between solutions of different concentrations until dynamic equilibrium is reached. Materials (Martini Nathan Lab. Manual, pop): To begin the lab, first collect the desired equipment. We will write a custom essay sample on Physiology Lab report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Physiology Lab report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Physiology Lab report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The water potential played an enormous role in each part of this lab. Since water moves areas of high water potential to areas of low water potential, reactions took place in each part resulting in different conclusions being derived from them. Water potential was a key element in each part of the experiment. In plant and animal cells, loss or gain of water can have different effects.

Free IELTS Essay Samples - Band 7

Free IELTS Essay Samples - Band 7You can obtain some free IELTS essay samples - Band 7 from the internet. These samples will give you a good idea on how to write a well-written IELTS essay. You must learn how to make a good and clear introduction and conclusion so that you do not have to waste your time for writing at all.You should know that the types of sites that offer you these samples are PDF files. This means that you should have Adobe Acrobat Reader or another similar application installed on your computer. You should also download the appropriate Acrobat Reader for your operating system. Otherwise, you may not be able to view the sample properly.If you can not see the sample in this way, you should use the internet browser known as Google Chrome. When you want to view the samples, you should select the folder where the sample has been saved. You should open the file by double-clicking it. In order to make the sample appear in a more readable format, you should select the 'Vie w' option. If you cannot see the fonts properly, you should use the 'Page Setup' button to try the font size and color manually.If you would like to get a better idea on how the essay samples are written, you should study some sample essays before doing your own essay. One of the best samples you can use is the essay from the Band A by Rachael Killian. You should open this sample carefully to understand how the writer makes a point and finishes the paper. You should also read the conclusion carefully.You should always try to see the importance of each sentence or paragraph in a Band A essay. You should take note of how the writer made the sentence effective. You should also take note of how the sentence is concluded.The Band A essay also contains a good ending for a student who wants to write an IELTS essay. The ending is not so long because it contains only one idea. The only important things for the essay to end in the conclusion is for the student to give a reason why they have t o stop their studies.The best part of the Band An essay is the introduction. This is the section where the main idea comes from. It must be short and precise. You should have an explanation on what the writer does want to say about his subject.You should make sure that you understand these samples so that you will not have to waste your time for writing them. There are many sites that you can use to learn how to write an IELTS essay. You should learn the important points before going to the next step.

Conservative Intellectuals and Reagan Ascendancy

Conservative Intellectuals and Reagan Ascendancy Conservative Intellectuals and Reagan Ascendancy In the 1980s, some conservative thinkers disassociated themselves with Reagan ideology while several conservatives, are referred to as the Old Right, expressed insightful reservations about what had become popularly known as neo-conservatism. Many differences have arisen between these two factions that share totally different ideological stances. One is that neo-conservatism is against the subsequent expressions of utilitarianism, empiricism and pragmatism that it believes follows from the demise of a transcendent realm of being as a cognitive reality in human understanding. Secondly, neo-conservatism develops from the opposition to the French Revolution. This new conservatism appeals to certain traditional practices and history as emotional and moral restraints on the prevailing whim of the moment and would render conservatism as a certain quality of imagination. Thirdly, neo-conservatism is derived from the reaction against the industrial revolution unlike the Old Right that developed under the umbrella of largely political spectrum. According to Russell Kirk and Carlyle, this development has from time to time accorded conservatism some peculiar qualities including: agrarian sympathies; a romantic medievalism; certain forms of estheticism; and recoil from the mechanization of life. Additionally, neo-conservatism provided so me clear aversions to capitalism that was largely synonymous with the industrial revolution, unlike the Old Right era that had not completely adopted the capitalist system. Several debates have been sparked with the view of understanding the differences between the liberals and the conservatives. One historian holds that liberals tend to be more participative on activism because they are more of optimists as compared to conservatives. They are more optimistic because they are considered more rational than the rest. Additionally, unlike conservatives, liberals tend to derive values and norms either from historical tradition or from revelation. Unlike in the form of neo-conservatism, historical tradition is immune from critical reconstruction in the future. Liberalism was also considered a great secular character unlike conservatism that was regarded largely religious based. Over the years, the liberals who were opposed to redemptive liberalism were often referred to as neo-conservatives. However, in the 1970s and 80s something new was developing. Although, elements of neo-conservatism seemed to be predominant at the time, the leader of the free world seemed to be incorporating the conservative language of topics that included moderation and self-discipline. Additionally, the President seemed to be advocating for traditional moral and religious values. Reagan took advantage of these new ethics and used them to form what is referred to in some quarters as the Reagan ideology. Supporting both conservative and liberal ideas and incorporating it in his governance ensured the mix of the two ideologies. Reagan celebrated an American conviction in an unhindered future of technological and economic progress. Whenever the subject of human limitations arose in conservative ideas, they seemed to be reserved to the public sector. However, this message also provided a very traditional morality- of community, religion and family. What President Reagan conveyed through coupling moral nostalgia with economic dynamism was the essence of his career, from his sports journalism days to his presidency. The points of continuity in conservatism have also been its greatest points of tension. For instance, some of the Old Right will notice that neo-conservatism represents a popular strand that threatens the conservatisms traditional position as a fervent and eloquent balk from a leveling democratic culture in which most people descend to meet. Additionally, the animadversions of the conservative have too often been sought to force a religious test for conservative membership. If the excesses of the New Left do happen again, of if the Old Right of the Reagan ideology has indeed led to an era of narcissistic materialism, the conservatives will have far more challenges to counter than the divisive intramural wrangles.

Care for Mechanically Ventilated Patients

Care for Mechanically Ventilated Patients The following case study will focus on a discussion around pain assessment and complexity of care delivered to individuals, who are mechanically ventilated, with altered levels of consciousness. The pathophysiology of ventilation and its associated consequences and symptoms for a patient’s care will be thoroughly examined. Aspects of pain assessment in individuals, who are sedated on ventilation support, and nursing interventions to identify levels of pain will be critically analysed and justified. Finally, the complexity of patient’s care will be argued and critically evaluated and the wider context of care management will be conscientiously discussed. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) outlines the definition of pain as an â€Å"unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage† (IASP, 2017). In accordance to Chanques et al (2007) pain is one of the mo st occurring complications associated with intensive care stay with an occurrence of moderate to severe level of pain experienced by almost 50 % of medical and surgical patients. Bertollini et al (2002) reported that approximately 80 % of patients on critical care units, amongst Europe, have experienced pain during nursing interventions and have not received adequate analgesia. In multicentre studies 50 – 65% of patients complained that they suffered severe pain in ICU; 15% were unhappy with the pain management they received. To maintain confidentiality and to protect the identity of an individual, the name of the patient will be changed to Mr Kenneth Smith (pseudonym), in line with Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC,2015). Kenneth is an 74 year old male admitted to cardiac intensive care unit (day 10) following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Kenneth was previously diagnosed with triple vessel coronary artery disease, following myocardial infarction four weeks prior to surgery. Currently, he cannot maintain his own breathing, therefore, to promote haemodynamic stability Ken is ventilated with a use of synchronised intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) mode. To facilitate Ken’s ventilation, he is also sedated however, it has been found that Ken reacts to voice and occasionally opens his eyes. The possibility of delirium also emerged as the patient’s wife deems, that Kenneth appears disorientated and agitated at times (Kings compromising successful post-operative recovery (Rakel and Herr, 2004).   Twycross (2002) argues that pain appears to be a problem in acute settings, yet the knowledge and understanding of its management is limited amongst nursing staff; which breaches the principles of effective practice in line with the best available evidence (NMC, 2015). Awareness of causes and interactions of pain, agitation and delirium in Kenneth’s case is essential, to promote quicker recovery by managing pain effect ively and weaning patient off the ventilation support (Stein-Parbury and Mckinley, 2000). Endotracheal tube combined with sternal wound and chest drains contributes to nociceptor activation and sensitization at various levels (Dahl and Kehlet, 2006). Hence, Kenneth is experiencing ongoing pain at rest, that increases with movements. Although, pain analgesia is administered on regular basis to control discomfort levels (WHO, 2015); Koppert et al (2003) argues that increased pain sensitivity in surgical patients to stimuli is commonly recognised as an effect of opioids. The thesis is strongly supported by Wilder Smith (2006) who acknowledge, that hyperalgesia has a major effect on the way brain processes pain signals. There several mediators that contributes to nociceptor activation: prostaglandins, interleukins, cytokine and neutrophils (Brennan, 2017). Peripheral neutrophilic granulocytes (NG’s) also have an impact on peripheral sensitivity and contribute to pain where the in cision was made (Carreira et al, 2013). The intensity of pain is amplified by nociceptive neurones that send electrical signals to central nervous system along axons, which again depends on many factors, including surgical site and discomfort caused by endotracheal tube or Kenneth position (Steeds, 2016). Recent Kenneth’s arterial blood gas reading revealed, decreased tissue pH and increased lactate concentration, which in accordance to Brennan (2011) could also influence the intensity of pain and spontaneous pain behaviour. Initially, Kenneth was commenced on mechanical ventilation post operatively to maintain his haemodynamic stability, decrease cardiac workload and provide optimum for gaseous exchange (Goldsworthy and Graham, 2014). Upon physician assessment, Kenneth receives SIMV, which delivers set amount of breath and encourages patient to take spontaneous breaths (Wiesen et al, 2013). SIMV mode helps to reduce Kenneth’s cardiac output, although it has been p roved that it prolongs ventilation dependency. Due to persistent episodes of hypoxemia, weaning from ventilation is delayed, which put Kenneth at risk of further complications (Chlan, 2011). Pillbeam and Cairo (2006) conducted a study which shown that prolonged ventilation increases the mortality rate. Challenges faced by nursing staff in pain management influences the process of weaning, hence it affects Kenneth’s quality of life (Baazm et al, 2014). Nelson et al, 2010 argues that patients who struggle to wean of ventilation support are at greater risk of infection, delirium, pain and they are often experiencing anxiety. Therefore, it could be questioned whether, unmanaged pain is a leading cause of prolonged ventilation or vice versa. Whitehouse et al (2014) reports that pain can trigger stress response which can have detrimental effect on patient’s health and wellbeing. Increased levels of catecholamines can cause arteriolar vasoconstriction, impair tissue perfusion and decrease tissue oxygen partial pressure which would impact on delayed weaning of ventilation support and increased oxygen consumption (Barr et al 2013). Catabolic disturbances and hypoxemia caused by pain can also impair wound healing process and lead to wound infection; pain decreases natural killer cell activity, cytotoxic T cell and neutrophils which are pivotal for immune system (Woolf, 1989). Wagner et al 1998 emphasises that other factors such as sleep disturbances and anxiety can aggravate pain perceptions. Royal College of Nursing (2003) concludes that nurses have duty of care to minimise distress and suffering from pain. The â€Å"gold standard† in pain assessment by nurses is self-reporting by the patient, providing necessary information, that helps to identify source, intensity and underlying condition so that appropriate analgesia can be administered (Chanques and Constantin, 2010). but Kenneth cannot give sufficient response due to endotracheal tube and se dation level (Craig and Schlavenato, 2010). Pain is difficult to measure as it is an individual experience and everyone perceive it on their own way. It encompasses wide spectrum of physiological and psychological responses; therefore, it is pivotal for nurses to provide holistic approach when looking after critically ill patients (Woodrow and Moore, 2004). Kenneth during morning activities, whilst being assisted with personal hygiene needs appeared to be in discomfort, especially during moving and handling manoeuvres. Bird (2003) argues that there is no specific pain assessment tool for ICU patients and should evaluate effectiveness of tools used, to manage pain effectively. Chanques and colleagues (2010) have manifested that visually enlarged numeric rating scale (NRS) from 0 (minimal discomfort) to 10 severe pain, is the most successful and valid across other pain assessment tools available. Jensen (2003) has reviewed 164 journals and demonstrated that NRS tool is the most reliab le indicator of pain intensity. Although Kenneth can blink his eyes occasionally when asked about pain levels, it is difficult to determine the accuracy of patient’s perception due to level of sedation and cognition state. Kenneth’s effort to express and communicate pain is respected and adequate pain analgesia is provided. The evidence shows that the belief of patient’ report creates trust relationship between patient and healthcare professional, therefore pain management is more successful and effective (D’Arcy, 2011). Pain can increase with activity and it is revealed as dynamic process, therefore Kenneth is reassessed on a regular basis to maintain comfort and minimise distress (Dahl and Kehlet, 2006). Barr (2013) emphasises that pain in intensive care unit patients’ needs to be assessed frequently and repetitively in an effective manner to maintain high quality of care and promote healing. Puntillo (2009) stresses that healthcare professionals must use â€Å"structured, valid and reliable tools† due to complexity of patients’ needs. Upon Kenneth pain assessment, it was found that Behavioural Pain Scale was the most effective. Nurses observed that Kenneth is becoming restless and agitated and facial grimacing is present, which resolves with appropriate analgesia (Feldt, 2000). These behaviours fit into criteria of pain indication as per Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Indicators (CNPI) (Young, 2006). Nurses derived the total BPS score of 8-10, which indicated that Kenneth was experiencing severe pain on assessment. D’arcy (2011) speculates that the use BPS is not as effective and developed as current tools that have been in use for years. Li and colleagues (2008) also argue that there is some evidence about BPS, an updated revision in regards to validity and effectiveness is needed, so that it can be applicable for ICU patients. However, Payen (2008) and Arbour et al (2011) dispute with the opinion of h is colleagues and demonstrate that there are recent studies which show that BPS improve pain management and successful recovery, followed by shorter duration of mechanical ventilation. Implementation of Payen BPS appeared to be extremely useful, when repositioning Kenneth in bed, as it assesses compliance with ventilation, detecting specific pain behaviours (Puntillo et al., 2001). In addition to respiratory support, pain is also triggered by sternal wound and both chest drains which increase the intensity of pain experienced by Kenneth. The study carried out by Payen (2001) demonstrated that 63% of ICU patients could remember pain and 40% patients post cardiac surgery experienced the worst pain due to chest drains and surgical wounds. In addition to BPS, there are other assessment tools for critically ill patients, like Kenneth, such as Gelinas Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) which is also based on behavioural observations (Gelinas et al, 2006). Its effectiveness was a gain reported during moving and handling manoeuvres, where ventilation machine was observed for alarms, which displayed that Kenneth stopped breathing spontaneously. Slight resistance was also felt by nursing staff; which indicated muscle tension that potentially resulted from pain (Li et al 2008). Marjorie, Kenneth’s wife, was also asked to provide information in regards to Kenneth’s usual behaviours which could be then compared with those gathered during specific assessments. Nursing staff found difficulties in interpreting Kenneth behaviours at times, as they represented numerous things amongst various periods of time (Garteth and Williams, 2017). Olding et al (2015) suggest that family involvement in nursing care positively influences patients care despite its complexity; therefore, behaviour changes were written down over a shift duration, with Marjorie’s active involvement, and clear picture of Kenneth’s behaviours created. It also facilitated imp lementation, care planning and evaluation that promote holistic and family centric model of care (World Health Organisation, 2007). Surrogate designation of Marjorie to help with pain assessment, represents Kenneth’s wishes and needs; effective communication and good relationship between relatives and nursing professionals protects Kenneth’s autonomy (Sprung and Azoulay, 2004).   Marjorie, visits Kenneth daily, hence, nursing staff could go through the pain assessment tool together, improving its effectiveness and recognising new changes. It has been reported that, when Marjorie is present, Kenneth is more settled and less agitated, therefore, social contact with beloved ones maximises quality of care and recovery (Aust, 2013). Family interaction in basic nursing care and patient psychological and emotional support is a way of demonstrating love and care, a unique aspect of care that can be only provided by them (Engstrom and Soderberg, 2007). Dowling and Wang ( 2005) conclude that family support has a positive impact on patient’s outcome and recovery rate. Close contact with family gives them strength to overcome struggles related to their condition and enables them to regain orientation within the environment (Magarey and McCutcheon, 2005). Kenneth’s physiologic parameters are monitored regularly to maintain patient’s stability and to provide nurses with information about Ken’s physiologic status so that, they can react fast upon any changes (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [CG50], 2017). During personal hygiene and moving and handling manoeuvres, it has been noted that Kenneth’s blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) increased with visible behavioural changes and became stable once the painful stimuli was removed. Although, vital signs are widely used by nurses in pain assessment, they are not validated and supported by clinical evidence (Donaldson et al., 200 3). Kenneth’s is also receiving inotropic therapy in terms of cardiovascular support and sedative agent are also used, therefore, his vital signs are likely to fluctuate (Imal et al., 2011); however, they have not been discussed further in this discussion. Payen et al. (2001) with Gelinas and Johnston (2007) found that BP and mean blood pressure (MAP) increased in patients with altered level of consciousness, when exposed to nociceptive stimuli. However, Frazier et al (2002) argued that alteration of vital signs could result from activation of autonomic nervous system as a stress response and anxiety indication from performed procedures. Barr et al. (2013) in Clinical Practice Guidelines do not recommend that vital signs should be used when performing pain assessment, although they can be used as a suggestion and cue to conduct further assessment.

Letter to the Instructor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Letter to the Instructor - Essay Example Similarly, your classes provided me with opportune period to improve on my grammatical weaknesses such as punctuation and sentence structures. The awareness of my strengths and weakness as a writer have facilitated my personal development through optimization of my excellent skills and mitigation of my writing weaknesses. I was most driven and pleased by the narrative essay among the four forms of essay that we covered in the course work. The utmost level of creativity and anecdote pertaining to the narrative essay demanded prolific and versatile writing skills from the writers hence I found it more interesting to work on. On the other hand, summary and response essays did not elicit my creativity and hence were less pleasing to me. In addition, summary and response essays proved cumbersome as one had to critically understand the subject topic and related metadata such as the author’s name and the context of the narrative. Additionally, my examination of the four forms of essay that we covered, revealed varied level of difficulty for each. Personally, I classified the narrative essay as the most complex and challenging. The skill of conceptualization which is the foundation of every spectacular literary work was highly demanded in the development and completion of the narrative essay. Closely related to the narrative essay was the explanation of the concept a research paper which was basically the theoretical framework of a research paper. The theoretical framework is characterized by robust research concerning information from other sources, theories and concepts pertain to the subject topic, followed by elaborate synthesize and synergy of the varied information to develop a single holistic viewpoint. I found the difficulty level of the summary and response essay to be moderate. Unlike other forms of essays, I was readily provided with materials

Whirlpool Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Whirlpool Corporation - Essay Example Better sourcing or material management was becoming critical. 3. Market: The market was demanding and continuous to demand low cost and better products for the house hold sector. They looked for a better product but that had to come at a price lesser than the earlier one with lesser features. These key reasons made Whirlpool look for an enterprise wide automation. The material sourcing issues were reflected in the price of the components and also in the cost of the raw materials which in turn lent itself to an increase in the product price. This increase in the component and the raw material cost also wanted the products to be at the same price level or lower price level for end user customers. If this has to happen the operating cost has to come down and the total cost of production needs to get reduced. This could happen only if there is an increased quantities getting produced for the same inputs in terms of people and other consumables. In addition to these, the company also has to keep its new innovations always rolling out. Unless there are new ones coming up in the market, the company would lose its pre-eminence and would start trailing others as market leaders. This also the company cannot afford to happen. Cost reduction is one of the major issues that the company was fighting against. In order to bring down the cost of production, it is important that the company follows the latest material management techniques and also take recourse to global sourcing of components from the places that are cheaper vis-Ã  -vis the current suppliers. The company therefore, had to source material from Asian countries and these vendors had to be coordinated and monitored to ensure Kanban pull working on the stock systems already in place. Therefore, a system that would unite the materials management in US or European factories and that of the vendor companies located

Distillation Essay -- essays papers

Distillation Abstract This report outlines the steps taken to separate a 50:50 by volume ethanol and isopropanol side stream. The resulting separation must contain no more than 3% alcohol impurity in each product. A laboratory column, run at total reflux, was utilized to scale up to a forty foot high by one foot diameter column. The laboratory column allowed the team to determine vapor velocities and HETP values for the 0.24 inch Pro-Pakq packing. HETP is defined as the height of packing divided by the number of theoretical column stages. The column consisted of four main sections: packing, controls, a reboiler, and a condenser. To complete the vapor velocity vs. HETP relationship, the vapor velocity must be found. The vapor velocity was found using a system energy balance. The design vapor velocity was determined to be 4.85 ft/hr. However, this vapor velocity did not result in the column flooding; therefore the scaled-up column is not designed to its full potential. Ideally, distillation columns should be designed at 70-80% of the flooding velocity. The column HETP was found by use of the Fenske equation and was determined to be an average of 4.55 inches. As a result of the design parameters from the experimental column, the following design is proposed: the column will run at a vapor velocity of 4.85 ft/hr and will have a HETP of 4.30 inches. This will result in a packing height of 38.7 feet. The reboiler will have an area of 113.52 ft2 and the area of the condenser will have a value of 45.54 ft2 in which heat exchange will take place. Introduction A chemical plant spends approximately 50 to 90% of capital investment on separation equipment (1,1) Therefore, the ability to utilize a small laboratory column and to scale-up a column is an important skill for a chemical engineer. This report will outline the steps taken to design a packed distillation column. The column needs to separate a 50:50 mixture of ethanol and isopropanol into a distillate stream containing no more than 3 wt% isopropanol and a bottoms stream containing no more than 3 wt% ethanol. The design of the full-scale column was based on a laboratory simulation column. This column allowed the team to determine vapor velocities and HETP values for the 0.24 inch Pro-Pakq packing. Once the simulation vapor velocities are determined, they can ... .../hr)/*(1/0.0154 kmol/L)*(1/(p(.25)2ft2)*(0.0159 kmol/L) (p(1)2(ft)) = 6.857567 kmol/hr MWAVG,D = 46.493 kg/kmol VD = (6.857567 kmol/hr) * (46.493 kg/kmol) VD = 318.82886 kg/hr *Equation of Top Operating Line y = (L/V)x + (1-(L/V))xD = (RACT / RACT +1)x + (1/ RACT +1)(0.97) = 0.912779x + 0.084605 *Distillate Rate R = (V-D)/D = 10.4651 318.82886 (kg/hr) - D = 10.4651D D = 27.808642 (kg/hr) R = L/D = 10.4651 * 27.808642 (kg/hr) = L L = 291.02022 (kg/hr) *Bottoms Flow Rate L/V = R (z -xB) + q (xD - xB) R(z -xB) + q(xD-xB) -(xD-z) z= Feed mole fraction of ethanol q= 1 (feed assumes to be liquid) L/V = 10.4651(0.567-0.03) + 1(0.97-0.03) 10.4651(0.567-0.03) + 1(0.97-0.03) -(0.97-0.567) L/V = 1.05 L/V = (VB + 1)/ VB = 1.05 VB = 20 B = V/ VB = (318.82886 kg/hr)/20 = 15.941443 (kg/hr) *Feed Flow Rate F = D + B = 15.941443 (kg/hr) + 318.82886 (kg/hr) = 334.7703 kg/hr *Bottom Operating Line y = (L/V)x - ((L/V)-1) xB = 1.05x - 0.0015 * Condenser Heat Duty QCOND = V * DHVAP DHVAP = xETOH * DHVAP,ETOH + xISOP * DHVAP,ISOP QCOND =